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Mathematics & computational learning

The mathematics behind models, algorithms, and intelligent systems

Lessons that explain the mathematics used in real projects, from concept and equations to worked examples and implementation.

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14 items

  • LessonOptimization & MetaheuristicsAdvanced

    Convexity, Hessian, and quadratic programming

    Convexity, positive semidefiniteness, and the role of the Hessian in convex QP.

    A mathematics lesson connecting convex structure to the Convex QP Solver.

    Modeling, Algorithms & Optimization
  • LessonMathematics for AIIntermediate

    Dot products and cosine similarity

    Vector geometry, similarity, and its role in search and AI.

    A mathematics lesson connecting linear algebra to representation and relevance.

    Software Development & EngineeringAI & Machine Learning
  • LessonOptimization & MetaheuristicsBeginner

    From a real problem to an optimization model

    How a decision problem becomes variables, an objective, and constraints.

    A foundational lesson on translating a decision problem into variables, an objective, and constraints.

    Modeling, Algorithms & Optimization
  • LessonProgramming & Scientific ComputingIntermediate

    KKT and interior-point methods: when constraints enter the picture

    From Lagrangians and KKT conditions to barrier methods and Convex QP.

    A numerical-computing lesson connecting Lagrangians, KKT conditions, barrier methods, and Convex QP.

    Modeling, Algorithms & OptimizationSoftware Development & Engineering
  • LessonMathematics for AIBeginner

    Vectors and matrices: the basic language of many AI models

    From data representation and linear transforms to matrices inside model layers.

    A mathematics lesson connecting vectors and matrices to data representation and AI model layers.

    AI & Machine Learning
  • LessonMathematics for AIIntermediate

    Gradients, loss functions, and the path of learning

    From one-variable derivatives to multivariable gradients and gradient descent.

    A lesson connecting derivatives and gradients to loss functions and gradient-based learning.

    AI & Machine LearningModeling, Algorithms & Optimization
  • LessonOptimization & MetaheuristicsIntermediate

    Metaheuristics: searching between exploration and exploitation

    The core ideas and mathematics behind approximate search with GA and DE.

    A lesson introducing population-based search, Genetic Algorithm, Differential Evolution, and the exploration/exploitation trade-off.

    Modeling, Algorithms & Optimization
  • LessonProgramming & Scientific ComputingBeginner

    What is a residual, and why should a numerical answer be checked?

    From equation residuals to independent checks of numerical solutions.

    A scientific-computing lesson connecting Python implementation with residuals, numerical answers, and independent checks.

    Software Development & EngineeringModeling, Algorithms & Optimization
  • LessonMathematics for AIIntermediate

    Attention mathematically: why Q, K, and V?

    From matrix products and scores to softmax and weighted Value aggregation.

    A mathematical explanation of attention using Q, K, V, and the core equations.

    AI & Machine Learning
  • LessonSystems & Algorithm MathematicsAdvanced

    Rate-limiting mathematics: rates, windows, and GCRA

    How limits and time windows become rates, intervals, and burst tolerance.

    The mathematical ideas behind Token Bucket and GCRA, connected directly to RateLimitEngine.

    Software Development & EngineeringModeling, Algorithms & Optimization
  • LessonProgramming & Scientific ComputingIntermediate

    Norms, conditioning, and numerical stability

    From residuals and norms to condition numbers and numerical sensitivity.

    A scientific-computing lesson about error, sensitivity, and validation.

    Modeling, Algorithms & OptimizationSoftware Development & Engineering
  • LessonMathematics for AIIntermediate

    Probability, likelihood, and Bayes

    Probability and inference foundations for statistical and machine-learning models.

    A mathematics lesson about uncertainty, likelihood, and Bayes in AI.

    AI & Machine LearningModeling, Algorithms & Optimization
  • Paper explainerMathematics for AIAdvanced

    Attention Is All You Need: reading the Transformer paper

    A guided explanation of the 2017 Transformer paper, from the sequence-transduction problem to scaled dot-product attention and the encoder-decoder architecture.

    A paper explainer that keeps the original source authoritative while unpacking its main ideas, equations, and engineering implications.

    AI & Machine LearningModeling, Algorithms & Optimization
  • Project explainerProgramming & Scientific ComputingIntermediate

    micrograd: understanding backpropagation through a tiny implementation

    A guided reading of a compact autograd engine and neural-network library, using it to make reverse-mode differentiation concrete.

    A project explainer showing how a small public codebase can make computational graphs, local derivatives, and backpropagation easier to inspect.

    AI & Machine LearningModeling, Algorithms & Optimization

Learning stays connected to real problems

This area is for conceptual, mathematical, and technical lessons, with real connections to projects, research, and solutions.